Rock Art Research

Cupules (engraved pits) have been observed on every continent with the exception of Antarctica, and cover Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic contexts. Despite this remarkable spatial distribution and the perceived antiquity of these petroglyphs very few detailed scientific studies have been conducted at cupule sites, with fundamental aspects of morphology, manufacture and function poorly understood. In Australia, lack of detailed recording has led to differential classification and disputed identification. In this paper we review literature for Australian cupule sites and present detailed archaeological results from a new site in western Arnhem Land. By applying metric, use-wear and residue analysis we reassess these issues, providing insight into cupule classification, function and intra-site complexities.